pip install requests

import requests  try:     response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data')     response.raise_for_status() # 如果状态码不是200，则抛出HTTPError异常      data = response.json() # 尝试将响应解析为JSON     print("获取到的数据：", data)  except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as errh:     print(f"HTTP错误: {errh}") except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError as errc:     print(f"连接错误: {errc}") except requests.exceptions.Timeout as errt:     print(f"超时错误: {errt}") except requests.exceptions.RequestException as err:     print(f"其他错误: {err}") except ValueError: # 如果response.json()失败，说明响应不是有效的JSON     print("响应不是有效的JSON格式。")     print("原始响应文本：", response.text)

import requests import json  url = 'https://api.example.com/items' headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'} # 告诉服务器我们发送的是JSON数据 payload = {     'name': '新商品',     'price': 99.99,     'description': '这是一个通过API创建的新商品。' }  try:     response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, json=payload) # 使用json参数，requests会自动序列化字典并设置Content-Type     response.raise_for_status()      created_item = response.json()     print("创建成功，响应：", created_item)  except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:     print(f"POST请求失败: {e}")     if hasattr(e, 'response') and e.response is not None:         print(f"服务器响应内容: {e.response.text}") except ValueError:     print("响应不是有效的JSON格式。")     print("原始响应文本：", response.text)

json=payload

data=payload

import requests  url = 'https://api.example.com/protected_resource' # 假设你需要一个API Key或者Bearer Token进行认证 headers = {     'Authorization': 'Bearer your_access_token_here',     'User-Agent': 'MyPythonApp/1.0', # 自定义User-Agent是个好习惯     'Accept': 'application/json' # 告诉服务器我们期望JSON格式的响应 }  try:     response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)     response.raise_for_status()     print("成功获取受保护资源：", response.json()) except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:     print(f"请求失败: {e}")     if hasattr(e, 'response') and e.response is not None:         print(f"服务器响应内容: {e.response.text}")

import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth  url = 'https://api.example.com/basic_auth_resource' response = requests.get(url, auth=HTTPBasicAuth('your_username', 'your_password')) # 或者更简洁地 # response = requests.get(url, auth=('your_username', 'your_password')) response.raise_for_status() print("基本认证成功：", response.json())

Bearer YOUR_TOKEN

token = 'your_very_long_and_secret_access_token' headers = {     'Authorization': f'Bearer {token}' } response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/protected_data', headers=headers) response.raise_for_status() print("令牌认证成功：", response.json())

requests-oauthlib

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requests.exceptions

import requests  try:     response = requests.get('http://nonexistent-domain-12345.com', timeout=5) # 故意制造连接错误和超时     response.raise_for_status()     print(response.json()) except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError as e:     print(f"网络连接失败或DNS解析错误: {e}") except requests.exceptions.Timeout as e:     print(f"请求超时: {e}") except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:     print(f"发生其他requests错误: {e}") except Exception as e: # 捕获其他非requests库的异常     print(f"发生未知错误: {e}")

ConnectionError

Timeout

response = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/status/404')  response.raise_for_status() # 这会在这里抛出HTTPError print(response.json())

我发现`raise_for_status()`真的能省很多事，它把检查状态码的重复劳动自动化了。在`HTTPError`中，`e.response`属性可以让你访问原始的响应对象，从而获取状态码和具体的错误信息。  **3. 业务逻辑层错误和数据解析错误** 即使HTTP状态码是200 OK，API返回的数据也可能不符合预期，或者不是有效的JSON。 *   **`response.json()`解析失败**: 如果API返回的不是JSON，或者JSON格式有误，调用`response.json()`会抛出`json.JSONDecodeError`（Python 3.5+）或`ValueError`（旧版本Python）。     ```python     import requests     import json      try:         # 模拟一个返回非JSON内容的成功响应         response = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/html')          response.raise_for_status()         data = response.json() # 这里会抛出ValueError或json.JSONDecodeError         print(data)     except (json.JSONDecodeError, ValueError) as e:         print(f"JSON解析错误: {e}")         print(f"原始响应文本: {response.text[:200]}...") # 打印部分原始响应，帮助调试     except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:         print(f"请求失败: {e}")

requests-retry

import requests from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter from urllib3.util.retry import Retry  # 简单的重试策略 def requests_retry_session(     retries=3,     backoff_factor=0.3,     status_forcelist=(500, 502, 503, 504),     session=None, ):     session = session or requests.Session()     retry = Retry(         total=retries,         read=retries,         connect=retries,         backoff_factor=backoff_factor,         status_forcelist=status_forcelist,     )     adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retry)     session.mount('http://', adapter)     session.mount('https://', adapter)     return session  # 使用重试会话 try:     session = requests_retry_session()     # 模拟一个偶尔失败的API     response = session.get('https://httpbin.org/status/500') # 第一次可能失败，重试     response.raise_for_status()     print("重试后成功获取：", response.text) except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:     print(f"请求最终失败（含重试）: {e}")

?

key=value

&

import requests  url = 'https://api.example.com/search' params = {     'query': 'Python REST API',     'page': 1,     'per_page': 10 }  response = requests.get(url, params=params) # 实际发送的URL可能是：https://api.example.com/search?query=Python+REST+API&page=1&per_page=10 print(f"请求URL: {response.url}") print(f"响应内容: {response.json()}")

import requests  url = 'https://api.example.com/profile' headers = {     'User-Agent': 'MyCustomPythonClient/1.0',     'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',     'X-Request-ID': 'unique-id-12345' # 有些API会要求自定义头 }  response = requests.get(url, headers=headers) print(f"状态码: {response.status_code}") print(f"响应: {response.json()}")

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